OLIGOSPERMIA
Oligospermia or
synonymously oilgozoospermia higlhy resembels khina shurka vyadhi. However
Kshina – Shukra is a condition in whih shukra dhatu is quantitatively and
quatitatively reduecd. Etimologial origin of the world OILGOZOOSPERMIA is as
Oilgo ( few) + zoo ( live) + Sperm + ia ( Condition)
So, this is a condition in
which sperm count is reducced. WHO (1992) describes the conditoin as the one in
which total sperm count will be less than 20 million / ml.
MAJOR CAUSE OF OILGOSPERMIA
The major etiologial
factors causing oilgospermia has been described here as under.
CONGENITAL
Cryptorcchidism or
undesended testis incidences about 0.2 % of male population. It causes
permanent irreparable of testies (Berodafa 1974). They are also hormonally
defective ( Gendod et at 1978). Unilateral Cryptorchidism even when corrected
prior to puberty is assocaited with abnormal semen in many males ( Harrison
1994)
THERMAL
Scrotal temperature should
be less than 2o F from the core body temperature Raised scrotal
temperature may depress the seprmatogenesis because it is sensitive process.
Which alters with alternations in temperature. The temperature of scrotum will
be raised in conditions like Verticocele, Hydrocele and Filariasis. Vericocele
causes disruption in later stages of sperm maturation (Alvin & Paulser
1976). Moreover working near hot zone and wearing of tight undergarment more
than 15 hours / day may also depress the spermatogenesis.
INFECTION
Infections like Syphilis,
non-specific urethritis, Mumps Orchitis after pubertal period may permanently
arrest spermatogensis. Mumps architis arrests the maturation process and also
arrest the androgenic function of leydig cells (Adamopoulous et at 1978)
systemic infectoin like bacterial or viral affect the spercount. Chlamydia
trachomatis or T. Mycoplasma infection lead to defective spermatogenesis.
GENETIC
Klinefelter’s syndrome and
xx Male syndrome are two genetic defect which lead to defective
spermatogenesis. (Palsen 1974) somally abnormed spermatozoan, such conceptions
end in spontaneous abortions or assocaited with chromosomal abnormalities.
ENDOCRINAL
Hyperprolectinaemia can
lead to hypogonadisim and has been associated with impotence (franks et at
1977), effect on testosternone and dihydrotestosterone levels ( Margini et al
1978) and a reduction in sperm count and volume of semen. (falaschi et at 1978).
Hypopituitarism, Hypothyriodism, Adrenal hyperplasia can also cause the disease
– Oliogospermia.
SEXUAL
Too frequent intercourses
decrease the spermatogenesis and sperm cell activity (Paul 1950)
OCCUPATIONAL
Evnironmental hazards like
chemicals such as nematocide, dichloropropane, lead, microwaves and ultrasound
are responsible for the disease, oilgospermia. Prolonged physical exertion and
steep deprivations lowers the semen testoternone level in man. ( opstand and
Avkrary 1982)
SYSTEMIC DISEASES
AIDS lowers the degree of
spermatogenesis ( De Poepe & Waxman 1989). Renal failure and ( irrhosis of
liver cause low leels of testoterone ( chen,. Et al 1970, Bannister et al Lumen
feld, 1993). Some inverstigations reveled that Diabetes Malitus, low sperm
count and low volumes of ejaculates were also found in some men. (Klebanow
1960, Rubin 1962, Schoffling 1971, Bartale 1975). Protein deficienty and
malnutrition can cause the reduced response of male accessory glands to
testoerone stimulation (Bielaneki et al 1969, Lazerka et al 1965, Mann 1974).
Vita A deficiecy also cuases reductoin in seprmatogenesis ( Moustguard 1969)
Some times after acute
febrile illness, temporary decrease in sperm density occurs.
ADDICTIONS
Alcholol is the most
important leydig cell toxin. (Lipsett 1980, Van Thiel et at 1983.) As may as
80% of these men are sterile seminiferous tubles atrophy, loss of sperm
ornormal sperms. ( Morrie 1944, Bennett et at 1950). Excessive intake of
alcohol may decrease the semen quantity ( Henny – 1995) Tobacco addicts like
smokers, chewers and multiple addict will have below normal sperm count.
(Benarjee 1993)
ITROGENIC
Surgical operations, which
have been done improperly like urethral stricture or diverticullum, Prostactomy
may cause defective spermatogenesis. ( Inter and Lunen field 1993)
DRUGS
Antibiotics like
Ampiciline, Erythromycine and cephalexin causes oilgospermia ( Malmbong et at.
1974, m symes et a. 1974). Spirnonolactone induces oilgospermia ( caminos
Torres et at 1977, sperm count ( Levi et at 1979). Cyproteroneacetate reduced
the sperm count and motility (Koch et al 1976 Moltz et al 1978). Antipsycotic
drugs reduces sperm count (Blair and simpson 1966) cimetidine reduces sperm
count (Van Thiel et al 1979)
IMMUNOLOGICAL
Testicular failure occurs
in autoimmu nity (hendry et al 1979) Mancini 1974) in which endocrine
deficiencies co – exists.
PSYCHOLOGICAL
Increased stress conditions
also produces low quality of semen (Inster and Lumen feld 1973)
